The inbreeding coefficient of the Spanish Habsburg kings increased strongly along generations from 0.025 for king Philip I, the founder of the dynasty, to 0.254 for Charles II and several members of the dynasty had inbreeding coefficients higher than 0.20.

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The Estates exploited the law governing the authorization of taxes, which lay in their hands, to influence their sovereign, as the laws of the time did not permit the ruler simply to levy taxes without the permission and organizational support of the Estates.The second area of conflict was the Reformation, which constituted a political as well as religious problem.





Whereas Catholics tended to support centralistic monarchical power, adherents of the Reformation were suspected of sympathizing with federalistic rule with extended participation in decision-making by the Estates.In this matter Charles was forced to make concessions. von Herwig Wolfram), 2 Teile, Wien 2003 Länder und Untertanen des Hauses Habsburg im konfessionellen Zeitalter (= Österreichische Geschichte 1522–1699, hg. Read on to learn more about his tragic life and reign.The Habsburgs were notorious for marrying cousins, uncles, aunts, whatever, to keep power within their family. The problem here lay in its interpretation: did the guarantee of freedom of religion mean merely freedom of conscience, that is, the individual confession of faith, or also freedom of worship, which would have implied the right to develop an ecclesiastical organisation with schools and parishes, etc.? We employ analysis cookies to continually improve and update our websites and services for you. ): Die Habsburger. You can also find further information in our data protection declaration.



Charles II, king of Spain from 1665 to 1700 and the last monarch of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. The following analysis cookies are used only with your consent.



In order to prevent incursions in the hinterland, fortifications were built directly on the front. Charles II became King of … The powerful Habsburg dynasty that ruled Spain for nearly 200 years came to an abrupt end in 1700 with the death of King Charles II, who left no heirs to the throne. He was the youngest of three surviving sons.



The famous “Habsburg jaw” was a severe underbite; Charles’ was so intense that he … The twelfth child of Emperor Ferdinand I and Anna of Jagiello, who had brought the crowns of Bohemia and Hungary to the dynasty, Charles was born in Vienna on 3 June 1540. As a result of Charles’ inbreeding, he was severely deformed.

This led to internal political struggle within his family over who would call the shots.
Cookies are a technical feature necessary for the basic functions of the website. Basically, their children had all married their cousins, who had all married their cousins (or someone of a close relation). For 10 years Philip IV’s widow, Maria Anna of Austria, acted as regent for Charles II. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Lying on the River Mur, the capital of the federal province of Styria is dominated by the Schlossberg, where there...Evans, Robert J. W.: Das Werden der Habsburgermonarchie 1550–1700. Born in 1661, King Charles II of Spain was the last Habsburg ruler of the country.




Charles’s reign opened with a 10-year regency under the queen mother, during which the government was preoccupied with combatting the ambitions of the French king Louis XIV in the Low Countries and Analysis cookies are used only with your consent and exclusively for statistical purposes. Check out Britannica's new site for parents!

You can block or delete these cookies in your browser settings, but in doing so you risk the danger of preventing several parts of the website from functioning properly. Anonymous artist (monogram ‘LPum’): Archduke Charles II (1540-1590) with a view of Graz, oil painting, 1569Graz in 1594, reproduction of the print by Georg Pehaim in: *The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in Words and Pictures*: volume onAnonymous artist (monogram ‘LPum’): Archduke Charles II (1540-1590) with a view of Graz, oil painting, 1569Graz in 1594, reproduction of the print by Georg Pehaim in: *The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in Words and Pictures*: volume onAs ruler over a dominion within the Habsburg Monarchy, Charles was confronted with the problems that were to determine the dynasty’s policies in the Early Modern age: the threat of Ottoman expansion and sectarian tensions. Read biographical notes and explore the historical context.On the basis of agreements concluded with his powerful brother Emperor Charles V, Ferdinand I was assigned the...Maximilian II stands out among the otherwise strictly Catholic Habsburgs: he was sympathetic to Protestantism – a...Ferdinand was a belligerent and ruthless monarch: as ruler over Inner Austria he relentlessly implemented the re-...Religious schisms convulse Western Christianity and change European society profoundly.